IHC & ISH Advanced Staining
When morphology and routine staining cannot provide all the diagnostic answers, pathologists turn to advanced staining techniques: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH). IHC detects the presence of critical marker proteins in tissue samples while ISH detects target RNA or DNA sequences. Both techniques are commonly used for cancer diagnosis where the presence or absence of particular proteins or sequences help pathologists make an accurate diagnosis and differentiate between disease states that look morphologically similar. IHC uses primary antibodies that bind to the target protein and detection systems that link to the primary antibody to provide a visual indication of the protein’s presence and location using brightfield microscopy. ISH uses probes that bind to the target RNA or DNA sequence. Different detection systems are then used to visualize the presence of the target sequence: FISH uses fluorescent dyes and fluorescent microscopy while CISH uses chromogenic dyes and brightfield microscopy.
Related Topics
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02. May 2011 Institutes: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, New York, USA, University of Chicago, Department of Pathology, Chicago, IL, USATumor hypoxia is a common phenomenon in some subtypes of renal cell carcinomas (RCC) and may play a role in their biology and response to treatment. Here we evaluate a novel hypoxia marker HIG2 in renal cortical tumors and normal tissues. Read article
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20. Apr 2011 Institute: Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, GermanyThe value of immunohistochemistry (IHC) is due to the power of the procedure to recognize and localize specific proteins (markers) within a tissue specimen. By determining the presence or absence of specific markers within a tumor the pathologist is provided with clues that may be helpful in… Read article
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31. May 2010 Institutes: Emory University, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Laboratory Services, Atlanta, GA, USASingle color immunohistochemistry for kappa/lambda is complicated by high background staining, poor sensitivity in lymphoid populations, and difficulty in assessing populations in adjacent sections. Read article
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31. May 2010 Institute: Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, GermanyAs molecular techniques become routine throughout all Pathology disciplines, we reflect on the role of traditional IHC and its use in current and future diagnostic protocols. Read article
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31. May 2010 Institute: Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, GermanyFolate Receptor-alpha (FR-alpha) has been described extensively in many tumour and tissue types. Up to now the majority of this work has been looking at mRNA with some limited immunohistochemistry restricted to frozen tissue. In this article we review the extensive testing undertaken to evaluate a… Read article
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15. May 2010 Institutes: University of Leeds, School of Computing, UK, Leeds Teaching Hospital's Trust, Histopathology Department, Leeds, UK, University of Leeds, Pathology and Tumor Biology, LIMM, UKThree dimensional reconstruction of liver tissue is beneficial as it can improve understanding of the normal architecture of the vascular and biliary system; additionally, awareness of how these systems are affected by various pathological processes may help to inform future treatment choices. Read article
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15. May 2010 Institute: Johns Hopkins University, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USAA subset of renal cortical tumors cannot be accurately classified based on their morphologic features owing to partial overlap in their histologic appearance. Read article
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15. May 2010 Institutes: Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany, Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, GermanyCD99 is a transmembrane glycoprotein which is expressed in a wide range of tissues. Although its function is not fully understood it has been implicated in a variety of cellular processes including the homotypic aggregation of the T cells, apoptosis of immature thymocytes, up-regulation of T cell… Read article
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10. May 2010 Institutes: Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, Germany, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK, Northern Institute for Cancer Research (NICR), Newcastle, UKThe North East Haematopathology Diagnostic Service, based at the Royal Victoria Infirmary in Newcastle upon Tyne, provides a regional service for expert assessment of lymphoproliferative and myeloproliferative disorders for a regional network of 14 NHS hospitals in the North East and Cumbria. Read article
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07. Sep 2009 Institute: Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, GermanyThe increased sensitivity of immunohistochemistry (IHC) over standard Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining has established the IHC technique in the study of many diseases. Herein we describe the utility of some NovocastraTM antibodies that can be used in the study of brain and muscle diseases. Read article
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01. Oct 2008 Institute: University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Laboratory Sciences, United KingdomDouble immunoenzymatic staining is a widely used technique to directly analyse the expression of multiple molecules in a single tissue section. One of the aims of our work was to explore the capability of an automated staining system to perform multiple labeling. Read article
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01. Oct 2008 Institute: The General Infirmary at Leeds LS1 3EX, Department of Histopathology and Molecular Pathology, UKOne of the first uses of formaldehyde as a fixative for tissue specimens was accidentally discovered by a Dr. F. Blum towards the end of the nineteenth century. Based on Blum’s observations a 4% solution has remained the percentage recommended for formaldehyde fixation and has not been challenged… Read article
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Useful Links
Human Histology & Introductory Pathology
histology.leeds.ac.uk/what-is-histology/
Basic introduction to histology
www.pathologyoutlines.com/
Comprehensive textbook of surgical and clinical pathology
pathmd.com
Educational tools for pathology residents and physicians
www.path.uiowa.edu/virtualslidebox/
Virtual Slidebox for histology and histopathology
teaching.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/
Blue histology - broad coverage of histology
library.med.utah.edu/
Health science library
Histotechnology
stainsfile.info/StainsFile/jindex.html
Useful information about dyes, stains and staining
www.ihcworld.com/index.htm
Information Source for immunohistochemistry
www.bristol.ac.uk/vetpath/cpl/histmeth.htm
Useful information on staining techniques
Organizations and Discussion Groups
www.histonet.org/
Histonet - listserver for the histology profession
www.nsh.org/
The National Society for Histotechnology
www.hgv.org.au/
The Histology Group of Victoria
www.hgq.org.au/
Histotechnology Group of Queensland
www.histonsw.org.au/
Histotechnology Group of NSW
Quality Assessment Programs
www.ukneqas.org.uk
United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Service
www.nordiqc.org/
Nordic Immunohistochemical Quality Group
www.rcpaqap.com.au/
The Royal College of Pathologists of Australia
www.nsh.org/content/all-about-histoqip
HistoQIP quality assurance program
Search Engines
www.histosearch.com/
Search engine for histology information
www.antibodybeyond.com/
Comprehensive information source about antibodies and IHC
www.gopubmed.com
Search interface for pubmed
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines
List of academic databases and search engines
scholar.google.com
Beta of Google's search engine for scientific abstracts
Journals
jcp.bmj.com/
Journal of Clinical Pathology
www.pathologyinpractice.com/
Pathology in Practice - practical solutions, news, case studies
www.doaj.org/
Directory of open access journals
www.sciencemag.org/
Science
www.nature.com/
Nature
www.plosone.org/home.action
International, peer-reviewed, open-access online publication
Useful Text Books
Human Histology & Introductory Pathology
Young B, O’Dowd G, Stewart W, (2010): Wheater's Basic Pathology: A Text, Atlas and Review of Histopathology (5th ed.)
Kerr JB. (2010): Functional Histology (2nd ed.)
Mescher AL. (2009): Jun queira's Basic Histology ( 12th ed.)
Eroschenko VP. (2007): diFiore's Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations (11th ed.)
Young B, Lowe JS, Stevens A, Heath JW (2006): Wheater's Functional Histology (5th ed.)
Histotechnology
Carson F, Hladik C. (2009): Histotechnology: A Self-Instructional Text. (3rd ed.)
Kiernan J. (2008): Histological and Histochemical Methods: Theory and Practice. (4th ed.)
Bancroft JD, Gamble M. (2007). Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. (6 th ed.)
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