Science Lab

Science Lab


Latest Articles
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Optical Contrast Methods
Optical contrast methods give the potential to easily examine living and colorless specimens. Different microscopic techniques aim to change phase…
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Phase Contrast
Phase contrast is an optical contrast technique for making unstained phase objects (e.g. flat cells) visible under the light microscope. Cells that…
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Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)
Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy is a good alternative to brightfield microscopy for gaining proper images of unstained specimens…
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Integrated Modulation Contrast (IMC)
Hoffman modulation contrast has established itself as a standard for the observation of unstained, low-contrast biological specimens. The integration…
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An Introduction to Fluorescence
Fluorescence is widely used in microscopy and an important tool for observing the distribution of specific molecules. Most molecules in cells do not…
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Photo Effects of Light
Molecules and atoms can exist in different quantum states. These states are dedicated to different energy levels; the quantum state with the lowest…
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Polarization Contrast
Polarization microscopy is routinely applied in material sciences and geology to identify minerals on the basis of characteristic refraction…
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Confocal Microscopy - Optical Path
“Confocal Microscopy” refers to a particular optical microscope that allows recording optical sections. Optical sectioning is achieved in a confocal…
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Fluorescence in Microscopy
Fluorescence microscopy is a special form of light microscopy. It uses the ability of fluorochromes to emit light after being excited with light of a…
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CARS and Confocal
The most important drawback of single-photon and multiphoton confocal microscopy is the need to label the specimen. CARS (Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman…
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How Sharp Images Are Formed
In microscopy, depth of field is often seen as an empirical parameter. In practice it is determined by the correlation between numerical aperture,…
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Digital Cameras
Manufacturers digital cameras race to outdo each other with ever-increasing numbers of megapixels. The world record for professional medium format…
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FRET Sensitized Emission Wizard Widefield
Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is a technique, which allows insight into the interactions between proteins or molecules in proximities…
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Beware of "Empty" Magnification
This article explains how to avoid the phenomen of "empty magnification" in microscopy.
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The History of Stereo Microscopy – Part III
Until the middle of the 19th century, microscopes were hand-crafted custom instruments. At the time, it was not possible to predict the properties of…
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The History of Stereo Microscopy – Part II
For millennia, glass was admired for its beauty and the artful objects that could be created with it. With the rise of the exact sciences, however,…
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The History of Stereo Microscopy – Part I
The 17th century in Europe was marked by the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). The population lived in constant fear and poverty. Marauding hordes…
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FRET Sensitized Emission Wizard Confocal
Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is a technique, which allows insight into the interactions between proteins or molecules in proximities…

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