Step by Step Guide for FRAP Experiments

At the top of the wizard interface, the working steps are displayed as buttons: “Overview”, “Set Up”, “Bleach”, “Time course”, “Evaluation” (Figure 2).

The overview gives a description of the wizard and explains what to do in each step.

If a 3D stack should be analyzed in more detail, one can change the scan mode from xyt to xyzt (Figure 4) and analyze a whole z-stack over time. Pre- and post-bleach series are then scanned in xyzt mode and photobleaching of one plane within the stack can be defined.

Any plane within the stack can be defined for photobleaching. The position of the actual z-plane (Figure 5; ①) will be saved automatically and is displayed at the bottom of the UI. The photobleach pulse will only be executed in this plane. There will be no acquisition of a z-stack in the photobleach step.

Depending on the expected mobility of the molecules, the appropriate acquisition speed can be adjusted. Thus, for freely diffusing molecules a bidirectional scan speed of 1800 Hz line frequency should be used. In combination with an image format of 256 x 256 pixels, one can record an image every 79 ms.

Choose sequential scan (Figure 6) to avoid crosstalk in the case of a multiple channel setup. This scan mode is also useful for photoconversion, i.e., experiments with photoswitchable proteins like KAEDE or DENDRA2.

To allow the highest dynamic range between monitoring and photobleaching, adjust the Argon laser power to be within the range of 80-100% (Figure 7) in the configuration/laser menu.

For imaging, set the AOTF (acousto-optical tunable filter) values to a low percentage.

In case the amount of excitation light is not sufficient (e.g., during fast acquisition with resonant scanning) the option FRAP Booster (Figure 8) is recommended, assuming that the system is already configured with it. Once activated, the FRAP Booster option remains active for the whole experiment.

If this option is active, the beam expander is retracted from the beam path. As a result, the back aperture of the objective is no longer completely filled with light (see Figure 9A). The amount of light entering the objective is the same, but concentrated to a spot in the center, The light intensity is about 2 to 5 times greater, depending on the objective (see Figure 9B). In fact, the specimen can be illuminated with multiple amounts of light intensity (more concentrated versus less concentrated light) using the FRAP-Booster option.

You may set the pinhole sizes to 2 airy units or more if you work with thin cell layers. Opening of the pinhole improves the signal-to-noise ratio and you will collect more information about kinetics deeper within the specimen.

Please note:
Set the intensity below saturation, but slightly above zero as a zero setting can interfere with data analysis. An appropriate lookup table (glow over/glow under) can help to adjust the gain/offset. Make sure to use the same gain settings for all experiments. For reproducibility, it is recommended to save (Figure 10) all settings from the Setup -, Bleach - and Time Course – Tabs either now or in the very last step. Then all hardware settings, including the ROI shape and position, will be stored.

First, choose whether ROI ① or point bleach ② (Figure 12) should be applied.

You can choose any of the following options (Figure 13):

Allows faster time resolution for the whole FRAP series. Instead of frame-wise time resolution, line-wise time resolution can be achieved. You may reduce the time resolution down to 0.35 ms, because the recovery measurement is already done between lines instead of between frames. This fact means the recovery measurement starts as close as possible to the zero time (t0).

The FlyMode combines both the photobleach scan and first image scan after photobleaching (Figure 14). Photobleaching is performed during the forward motion using ROI scan features together with high laser power. During the flyback, the laser intensity is set to imaging values (AOTF switching works within microseconds). Thus, the first image is acquired simultaneously with the photobleaching frame. Consequently, the delay time between bleaching and data acquisition is less than half the time needed to scan a single line.

For most photobleaching applications, we recommend the Zoom In option. The scan field during photobleaching is then minimized and more light is applied to the ROI.

With the TCS SP8 system, a zoom-In is also possible with the resonant scanner.

In accordance with the size of the defined ROIs, the number of scanned lines is reduced during photobleaching (strip scan). You may use this option to speed up the photobleaching when multiple intervals, e.g. 10 or more, are needed. This option can be combined with Zoom In.

This option is recommended when Zoom In or FlyMode is active.

Zoom In:
Normally, the area outside of a ROI will be exposed to the background intensity. This background intensity can lead to photobleaching if the image is zoomed in. Using “Set background to zero” the area outside the exposed ROI will get no light.

FlyMode:
When the FlyMode is active, you have a forward channel and a fly back channel (see above). Using “Set background to zero” the forward channel will see no light during prebleach and postbleach. Only during the photobleach step will the forward (left) channel get light inside the ROI.

Usually the photobleached ROI is very bright and in many experiments Zoom In for photobleaching is used, but it hampers meaningful quantification. The same is valid for the option “Change Bleach Format”. For these cases, the option “Delete Bleach Images after Scan” avoids accumulation of waste data.

When several ROIs should be exposed with the same laser lines, one can choose this option. Now draw the ROI for bleaching and define the AOTF value(s) to tune the laser power for bleaching.

Click on ROI Configuration ⑦ when individual laser lines should be active for several ROIs. In advance, you have to uncheck “Use laser settings for all ROIs”.

If very fast scan modes are needed (e.g., measurement of diffusion in aqueous media) you may scan bidirectionally in 512 x 128 format which results in a very short time per frame, i.e. 12 ms. Here it is recommended to apply multiple photobleach frames, e.g., three or four, to apply sufficient light for photobleaching.

To compensate for too little light due to a short illumination time, you may use:

• Zoom In during photobleaching (with the TCS SP8 system, Zoom In is available for the resonant scanner as well) [FRAP Zoomer].
• the FRAP Booster option within Set Up.

You can use the FRAP wizard for photoactivation (e.g., when using PA-GFP) as well. Open the UV-shutter and then use in the photobleach step the 405 laser line instead of the 488 laser line.

You may add, as well, additional timescales by clicking “+”. If needed, the experiment can be stopped in the middle of a run, e.g., during postbleach. The user will then be guided to the evaluation step. This feature is particularly useful if the total time for full recovery is not known, because it allows the user to end the experiment during postbleach as soon as full recovery (i.e., no more increase in intensity) is reached. In other words, there is no need to wait until the predicted number of frames has been acquired.

Table 1: Total frame and frame rate parameters of the prebleach, bleach, and postbleach steps.

The acquisition speed should be adjusted to resolve the dynamic range of the recovery with good temporal resolution. Thus, ideally acquire at least 10 data points during the time required for half of the recovery.

To do FLIP experiments, you can set the number of repetitions ① (Figure 15) between the bleach and first postbleach steps.

Initial experiments should be conducted until no noticeable further increase in fluorescence intensity is detected. If you want your ROIs & Time Course included in your saved settings, you can do this in Step 1 or the last step. Click Run Experiment to start the experiment. It runs automatically and then leads to the evaluation step.

Please note:
If you do experiments with fluorescent proteins, usage of postbleach sequences with different timescales may lead to an intensity decrease during the timescale transitions. Changing the imaging frequency during the experiment can alter the fraction of fluorescent proteins driven into dark states (refer to reference 16 below). Another strategy is to define 40 or 50 prebleach intervals to achieve a steady state intensity after an initial intensity decrease within the first 10 to 20 intervals of the prebleach series.

1. Experimental conditions and procedures can be saved;
2. Report generates a data sheet in xml format;
3. Background can be subtracted;
4. Fitting can be applied to the data;

Download pdf

Confocal Application Letter - FRAP with TCS SP8 (pdf, 2MB)

1. Phair, R.D., Misteli, T. (2000) High mobility of proteins in the mammalian cell nucleus. Nature. 404:604
2. Beaudouin, J., Gerlich, D., Daigle, N., Eils R., Ellenberg, J. (2002) Nuclear Envelope Breakdown Proceeds by Microtubule-Induced Tearing of the Lamina Cell 108:83-96
3. Axelrod, D., Koppel, D.E., Schlessinger, J., Elson, E., Webb, W.W. (1976) Mobility measurement by analysis of fluorescence photobleaching recovery kinetics. Biophys. J. 16:1055-1069
4. Phair, R.D., Misteli, T. (2001) Kinetic modelling approaches to in vivo imaging. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2:898-907
5. Snapp, E.L., Altan, N., Lippincott-Schwartz, J. (2003) Measuring protein mobility by phtobleaching GFP chimeras in living cells. Curr. Prot. Cell. Biol. 21.1-21.1.24
6. Ellenberg., J., Siggia, E.D., Moreira, J.E., Smith, C.F., Presley, J.F., Worman, H.J., Lippincott-Schwartz, J. (1997) Nuclear membrane dynamics and reassembly in living cells: Targetting of an inner nuclear membrane protein in interphase and mitosis. J. Cell. Biol.138:1193-1206
7. Siggia, E.D., Lippincott-Schwartz, J., Bekiranov, S. (2000) Diffusion in inhomogenous media: Theory and simulations applied to a whole cell photobleach recovery. Biophys. J. 79:1761-1770
8. Lippincott-Schwartz, J., Altan-Bonnet, N., Patterson, G.H. (2003) Photobleaching and photoactivation:following protein dynamics in living cells. Nature Cell Biology Suppl:S7-S14
9. Braeckmans, K., Peeters, L., Sanders, N.N., De Smedt, S.C., Demeester, J. (2003) Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching with the Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope. Biophysical Journal 85:2240–2252
10. Misteli, T., Gunjan, A., Hock, R., Bustink, M., Brown, D.T. (2000) Dynamic binding of histone H1 to chromatin in living cells. Nature 408:877-880
11. Beaudouin, J., D. Gerlich, N. Daigle, R. Eils, J. Ellenberg. Nuclear Envelope Breakdown Proceeds by Microtubule-Induced Tearing of the Lamina. Cell 108, 2002: 83-96
12. Lippincott-Schwartz, J., E. Snapp, A. Kenworthy. Studying protein dynamics in living cells. Nature 2: 444-456 (2001)
13. Press, W.H., B.P. Flannery, S.A. Teukolsky, W.T. Vetterling. Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press (1993)
14. Rabut, G., J. Ellenberg. Photobleaching techniques to study mobility and molecular dynamics of proteins in live cells: FRAP, iFRAP, and FLIP, in Live Cell Imaging: A Laboratory Manual. Goldman, R.D. and Spector, D.L. (eds), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York: 101-126 (2005).
15. Snapp, E.L., N. Altan, J. Lippincott-Schwartz. Measuring protein mobility by photobleaching GFP chimeras in living cells. Curr. Prot. Cell. Biol., chapter 21.1 (2003)
16. Weber, W., V. Helms, J.A. McCammon, P.W. Langhoff. Shedding light on the dark and weakly fluorescent states of green fluorescent proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96 (11): 6177-6182 (1999)