Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) is an emerging microscopy technique that images the vibrations of chemical bonds within a specimen. It allows…

Fluorescence microscopy and other light-based applications require optical filters that have demanding spectral and physical characteristics. Often,…

Square and hexagonal pinholes provide identical image signal levels, if the geometries are compared in a sensible manner. The amount of light passing…

True confocal microscope systems feature single-point illumination and single-point detection. The method is called "optical sectioning" since the…

FLIM combines lifetime measurements with imaging: lifetimes obtained for each image pixel are color-coded to produce additional image contrast. Thus,…

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) measures fluctuations of fluorescence intensity in a sub-femtolitre volume to detect such parameters as…

The perfect light source for confocal microscopes in biomedical applications has sufficient intensity, tunable color and is pulsed for use in lifetime…

The characterization of substances at the single molecule level has become part of the standard repertoire of scientific research institutes. One of…

To separate fractions of the emission for recording channels that reproduce the emission of individual fluorochromes, it is necessary to spatially…

FRAP (Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) can be used to study cellular protein dynamics: For visualization the protein of interest is fused…

The Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) phenomenon offers techniques that allow studies of interactions in dimensions below the optical…

Confocal laser scanning microscopes are widely used to create highly resolved 3D images of cells, subcellular structures and even single molecules.…

Fast True Confocal Scanning reduces photobleaching and increases the fluorescence yield at identical acquisition times. The long-lasting triplet state…

The obvious has been explored. These days, biologists strive to identify and analyze hidden and rare events. The task is tackled by automatically…

True confocal scanning microscopes (TCS) use a variable detection pinhole. Good optical sectioning tries to use just the inner core of the PSF.

Confocal microscopes are employed to optically slice comparably thick samples.

“Confocal Microscopy” refers to a particular optical microscope that allows recording optical sections. Optical sectioning is achieved in a confocal…

The most important drawback of single-photon and multiphoton confocal microscopy is the need to label the specimen. CARS (Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman…