Confocal Microscopes Articles
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How to prepare samples for Stimulated Raman Scattering
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) is an emerging microscopy technique that images the vibrations of chemical bonds within a specimen. It allows…
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Handbook of Optical Filters for Fluorescence Microscopy
Fluorescence microscopy and other light-based applications require optical filters that have demanding spectral and physical characteristics. Often,…
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Pinhole Geometry: Four Corners are Perfect
Square and hexagonal pinholes provide identical image signal levels, if the geometries are compared in a sensible manner. The amount of light passing…
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Gates Open for Improved Confocal Fluorescence and Super-Resolution STED
True confocal microscope systems feature single-point illumination and single-point detection. The method is called "optical sectioning" since the…
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FRET with FLIM
FLIM combines lifetime measurements with imaging: lifetimes obtained for each image pixel are color-coded to produce additional image contrast. Thus,…
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Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) measures fluctuations of fluorescence intensity in a sub-femtolitre volume to detect such parameters as…
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White Light Laser
The perfect light source for confocal microscopes in biomedical applications has sufficient intensity, tunable color and is pulsed for use in lifetime…
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FLCS – Advances in Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy
The characterization of substances at the single molecule level has become part of the standard repertoire of scientific research institutes. One of…
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Spectral Imaging
To separate fractions of the emission for recording channels that reproduce the emission of individual fluorochromes, it is necessary to spatially…
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Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching (FRAP) and its Offspring
FRAP (Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) can be used to study cellular protein dynamics: For visualization the protein of interest is fused…
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Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)
The Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) phenomenon offers techniques that allow studies of interactions in dimensions below the optical…
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Mosaic Images
Confocal laser scanning microscopes are widely used to create highly resolved 3D images of cells, subcellular structures and even single molecules.…
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Brighter Fluorescence by Resonant Scanning
Fast True Confocal Scanning reduces photobleaching and increases the fluorescence yield at identical acquisition times. The long-lasting triplet state…
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Find the Needle in the Haystack
The obvious has been explored. These days, biologists strive to identify and analyze hidden and rare events. The task is tackled by automatically…
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Pinhole Controls Optical Slicing
True confocal scanning microscopes (TCS) use a variable detection pinhole. Good optical sectioning tries to use just the inner core of the PSF.
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Confocal Optical Section Thickness
Confocal microscopes are employed to optically slice comparably thick samples.
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Confocal Microscopy - Optical Path
“Confocal Microscopy” refers to a particular optical microscope that allows recording optical sections. Optical sectioning is achieved in a confocal…
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CARS and Confocal
The most important drawback of single-photon and multiphoton confocal microscopy is the need to label the specimen. CARS (Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman…