Contact Us

Fluorescent Dyes

An Overview

 Fluorescent_Dyes_an_overview_teaser.jpg

A basic principle in fluorescence microscopy is the highly specific visualization of cellular components with the help of a fluorescent agent. This can be a fluorescent protein – for example GFP – genetically linked to the protein of interest. If cloning is impossible – for instance in histologic samples – techniques such as immunofluorescence staining are used to visualize the protein of interest. For this purpose, antibodies are utilized, which are linked to distinct fluorescent dyes and bind to the adequate target structure either directly or indirectly. With the help of fluorescent dyes, fluorescence microscopy is not only restricted to proteins but can also be used to detect nucleic acids, glycans and other structures. You can even use an application-specific variety of live cell dyes available that allow for organelle visualization with organelle-selective stains (e.g. ER, mitochondria, Golgi) or function assays like, e.g. live cell tracking, labeling, cell proliferation, or live dead assays, where fluorescence is the way of read-out. Even non-biological substances like Calcium ions can be detected. This article provides an introduction to the commonly used fluorescent agents.

Immunofluorescence

In fluorescence microscopy there are two ways to visualize your protein of interest. Either with the help of an intrinsic fluorescent signal - by genetically linking a fluorescent protein to a target protein - or with the help of fluorescently labeled antibodies that bind specifically to a protein of interest. For some biological questions it is more useful or even necessary to perform the latter one. In the case of histological samples, for example, it is not possible to use fluorescent proteins because in general the specimen is derived from an organism which does not hold any fluorescent proteins. Furthermore, if a functioning antibody is available, immunofluorescence is much faster than fluorescent protein techniques, where you have to clone the gene of interest and transfect DNA into the adequate cell. Another disadvantage of fluorescent proteins lies in their nature of being a protein themselves. With it, they have specific proteinous characteristics inside a cell which can lead to dysfunction or misinterpretations concerning the attached protein of interest. However, it should be considered that using fluorescent proteins is generally the method of choice to study living cells.

Immunofluorescence makes use of the very specific binding affinity of an antibody to its antigen. This can have two different appearances. The easiest way is to use one fluorescently labeled antibody which is binding to the protein of interest. This is called direct immunofluorescence.

In most cases there are two forms of antibodies used. The first one binds to the target protein and is not fluorescently labeled itself (primary antibody). But a second one (secondary antibody) which is binding the primary antibody specifically carries a fluorescent dye. This method is called indirect immunofluorescence and has several advantages. On the one hand there is an amplifying effect, because more than one secondary antibody binds to one primary antibody. On the other hand, it is generally easier to find secondary antibodies than the specific primary antibody labeled with a common fluorescent dye. Below, we review the most commonly used fluorescent dyes.

FITC and TRITC

Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) is an organic fluorescent dye and probably one of the most commonly used in immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. It has an excitation/emission peak at 495/517 nm and can be coupled to distinct antibodies with the help of its reactive isothiocyanate group, which is binding to amino, sulfhydryl, imidazoyl, tyrosyl or carbonyl groups on proteins. FITC (was one of the first dyes which was used for fluorescence microscopy and served as a precursor for other fluorescent dyes like Alexa Fluor®488. Its fluorescence activity is due to its large conjugated aromatic electron system, which is excited by light in the blue spectrum.

A dye very often used in combination with FITC is TRITC (Tetramethylrhodamine-5-(and 6)-isothiocyanate). In contrast to FITC, TRITC is not a fluorescein but a derivate of the Rhodamine family. Rhodamines also have a large conjugated aromatic electron system, what leads to their fluorescent behavior. TRITC is excited with light in the green spectrum with a maximum at 550 nm. Its emission maximum is lying at 573 nm. The bond to proteins (e.g. antibodies) is also based on a reactive isothiocyanate group.

Even though FITC and TRITC are still widely used, they are rather weak fluorescent dyes and not recommended for state-of-the-art microscopy.

Cyanines

Alexa Fluor® dyes are a big group of negatively charged and hydrophilic fluorescent dyes, frequently used in fluorescence microscopy. All the Alexa Fluor® dyes are sulfonated forms of different basic fluorescent substances like fluorescein, coumarin, cyanine or rhodamine (e.g. Alexa Fluor®546, Alexa Fluor®633).  The respective laser excitation wavelength is mentioned in their labeling. For example, Alexa Fluor®488, one of the most commonly used dyes, has an excitation maximum at 493 nm, which allows excitation with a standard 488 nm laser, and an emission maximum at 519 nm Alexa Fluor®488 is a fluorescein derivate and has similar properties than FITC. However, it shows better stability, brightness and lower pH sensitivity.

Fig. 2: Mouse transgenic embryo, interlimb somites, Five interlimb somites of an E10.5 mouse transgenic embryo: EpaxialMyf5 eGFP; immuno-stained for GFP-Alexa 488; embryonic muscle fibers stained with Desmin-Cy3, the nuclei are revealed with Hoechst Size from top to bottom: 3.5 mm (a), 800 µm (b). Courtesy of: Aurélie Jory, Cellules Souches et Développement, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France and Imaging centre of IGBMC, IGBMC

DNA staining

You might want to study nucleic acids using fluorescent microscopy. For example, to define the exact position or number of cells by the detection of their nucleus. One of the most common DNA stains is DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) which binds to A-T rich regions of the DNA double helix. DAPI fluorescence intensity increases if attached to DNA compared to its unbound state. It is excited by UV-light with a maximum at 358 nm. Emission spectrum is broad and peaks at 461 nm. A weak fluorescence can also be detected for RNA binding. In this case, emission shifts to 500 nm. Interestingly, DAPI is able to permeate an intact plasma membrane which makes it useful for fixed and living cells.

A second broadly used DNA stain option is the family of Hoechst dyes. Hoechst 33258Hoechst 33342, and Hoechst 34580 are Bisbenzimides with intercalating tendency to A-T rich areas. Similar to DAPI they are excited by UV-light and have an emission maximum at 455 nm which is shifted to 510–540 nm in an unbound condition. Hoechst stains are also cell permeable and can therefore be used in fixed and living cells. They exhibit lower toxicity than DAPI.

A membrane-impermeable DNA stain is Propidium-Iodide which is often used to differentiate between living and dead cells in a cell culture because it cannot enter an intact cell. Propidium-Iodide is also an intercalating agent but with no binding preference for distinct bases. In the nucleic acid bound state, its excitation maximum is at 538 nm. Highest emission is at 617 nm. Unbound Propidium-Iodide excitation and emission maxima are shifted to lower wavelengths and lower intensity. It can also bind to RNA without changing its fluorescent characteristics. To distinguish DNA from RNA it is necessary to use adequate nucleases.

A dye which is capable to make a difference between DNA and RNA without previous manipulation is Acridine Orange. Its excitation/emission maximum pair is 502 nm/525 nm in the DNA bound version and turns to 460 nm/650 nm in the RNA bound state. Furthermore, it can enter acidic compartments like lysosomes where the cationic dye is protonated. In this acidic surrounding Acridine Orange is excited by light in the blue spectrum, whereas emission is strongest in the orange region. It is often used to identify apoptotic cells, as they have a lot of engulfed acidic compartments

Compartment and organelle specific dyes

There is a number of specific dyes to study cell compartments such as lysosomes, endosomes or organelles such as mitochondria.

One well known way to observe mitochondria is the utilization of MitoTracker®. This is a cell permeable dye with a mildly thiol-reactive chloromethyl moiety used to bind to matrix proteins covalently by reacting with free thiol groups of cysteine residues. MitoTracker® exists in different colours and modifications (s. Table 1) . In contrast to conventional mitochondria specific stains like rhodamine 123 or tetramethylrosamine, MitoTracker® is not washed out after destruction of the membrane potential with fixatives.

LysoTracker is a group of dyes available in different colors used to stain acidic compartments such as lysosomes. These are membrane permeable weak bases linked to a fluorophore. Most probably these bases have an affinity to acidic compartments because of protonation (s. Table 1).

A comparable compartment to lysosomes is the vacuole in fungi like Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This membrane enclosed space is also of an acidic nature. One way to visualize it in fluorescence microscopy is the use of styryl-based dyes like FM 4-64® or FM 5-95®.

The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is usually stained when studying protein secretion. One classical dye to stain this compartment is DiOC6(3) which has a preference for the ER but still binds to other membranes like those of mitochondria. Another way to specifically stain the ER is to use ER-Trackers like ER-Tracker Green and Red. Both are BODIPY based dyes which are linked to glibenclamide – a sulfonylurease – which binds to ATP sensitive Potassium channels exclusively resident in the ER membrane. BODIPY (boron-dipyrromethene) describes a group of relatively pH insensitive dyes which are almost all water insoluble. This makes them a very good tool for lipid and membrane labeling.

The adjacent compartment to the ER – the Golgi apparatus – can be labeled with fluorescent ceramide analogs like NBD C6-ceramide and BODIPY FL C5-ceramide. Ceramides are Sphingolipids which are highly enriched in the Golgi apparatus.

With the help of further lipid-based dyes it is possible to stain special membrane regions like lipid-rafts. These cholesterol rich domains can be visualized by using NBD-6 Cholestrol or NBP-12 Cholesterol amongst others (Avanti Polar Lipids).

It is also possible to stain the area of interest with the help of proteins with preferences for distinct locations in the cell. One example is the use of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) which binds specifically to sialic acid and N-acetylglucosaminyl present in the plasma membrane.

Ion imaging

In the case of neuronal studies, gene activity or cellular movement it is of interest to study the ion concentration of the cell. Sodium, calcium, chloride or magnesium ions have a deep impact on many different cellular events. Typically, ions can be trapped with the help of fluorescently labeled chelators that change their spectral properties when bound to the appropriate ions. One example of labelled chelators are the calcium indicators fura-2, indo-1, fluo-3, fluo-4 and Calcium-Green. For sodium detection, SBFI (sodium-binding benzofurzanisophthalate) or Sodium Green are commonly used. PBFI (potassium-binding benzofurzanisophthalate) detects potassium ions.

Functional assays

“Functional assays” is the broad term used to cover standardized experiments to assess various functions that can be visualized with fluorescent markers. These markers can encompass but is not limited to any of the above-mentioned labeling techniques and fluorophores. For many of these functional assays, staining kits are commercially available and can easily be applied to a vast variety of samples. One example for a functional assay is the commonly known and widely used live dead assay. Two fluorophores are utilized to label live cells and dead cells. Having both values at hand the overall health status of the cells can be assessed. Correlating this information with additional markers may even increase the understanding of the underly process. 

Fluorescent dyes and their excitation and emission wavelength peaks

The table below shows a comprehensive list of fluorescent dyes with their respective excitation and emission wavelength peaks. Please note that besides those peaks, every dye features distinct excitation and emission spectra. When selecting several dyes to use in combination in one experiment, researchers should be aware of overlapping excitation and emission spectra due to crosstalk (or bleedthrough), which can result in false negatives or positives, or otherwise obscure data. Another source that can distort fluorescence imaging is autofluorescence by naturally occurring fluorescent proteins in cells and tissues, which particularly needs to be considered in experiments with plants or algae. Good understanding of the spectra of the dyes used in the sample is also important to choose the right light source for excitation (e.g. LED, arc lamps, laser lines) and the right filters and detectors for emission.

Table 1

Sample Fluorescent Dyes Excitation Emission
Indo-1, Ca saturated 331 nm 404 nm
Indo-1 Ca2+ 346 nm 404 nm
Cascade Blue BSA pH 7.0 401 nm 419 nm
Cascade Blue 398 nm 420 nm
LysoTracker Blue 373 nm 421 nm
Alexa 405 401 nm 421 nm
LysoSensor Blue pH 5.0 374 nm 424 nm
LysoSensor Blue 374 nm 424 nm
DyLight 405 399 nm 434 nm
DyLight 350 332 nm 435 nm
BFP (Blue Fluorescent Protein) 380 nm 439 nm
Alexa 350 343 nm 441 nm
7-Amino-4-methylcoumarin pH 7.0 346 nm 442 nm
Amino Coumarin 345 nm 442 nm
AMCA conjugate 347 nm 444 nm
Coumarin 360 nm 447 nm
7-Hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin 360 nm 447 nm
7-Hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin pH 9.0 361 nm 448 nm
6,8-Difluoro-7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin pH 9.0 358 nm 450 nm
Hoechst 33342 352 nm 455 nm
Pacific Blue 404 nm 455 nm
Hoechst 33258 352 nm 455 nm
Hoechst 33258-DNA 352 nm 455 nm
Pacific Blue antibody conjugate pH 8.0 404 nm 455 nm
PO-PRO-1 434 nm 457 nm
PO-PRO-1-DNA 435 nm 457 nm
POPO-1 433 nm 457 nm
POPO-1-DNA 433 nm 458 nm
DAPI-DNA 359 nm 461 nm
DAPI 358 nm 463 nm
Marina Blue 362 nm 464 nm
SYTOX Blue-DNA 445 nm 470 nm
CFP (Cyan Fluorescent Protein) 434 nm 474 nm
eCFP (Enhanced Cyan Fluorescent Protein) 437 nm 476 nm
1-Anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid (1,8-ANS) 375 nm 479 nm
Indo-1, Ca free 346 nm 479 nm
1,8-ANS (1-Anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid) 375 nm 480 nm
BO-PRO-1-DNA 462 nm 482 nm
BOPRO-1 462 nm 482 nm
BOBO-1-DNA 461 nm 484 nm
SYTO 45-DNA 451 nm 486 nm
evoglow-Pp1 448 nm 495 nm
evoglow-Bs1 448 nm 496 nm
evoglow-Bs2 448 nm 496 nm
Auramine O 431 nm 501 nm
DiO 487 nm 501 nm
LysoSensor Green pH 5.0 447 nm 502 nm
Cy 2 489 nm 503 nm
LysoSensor Green 447 nm 504 nm
Fura-2, high Ca 336 nm 504 nm
Fura-2 Ca2+sup> 336 nm 505 nm
SYTO 13-DNA 488 nm 506 nm
YO-PRO-1-DNA 491 nm 507 nm
YOYO-1-DNA 491 nm 509 nm
eGFP (Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein) 488 nm 509 nm
LysoTracker Green 503 nm 509 nm
GFP (S65T) 489 nm 509 nm
BODIPY FL, MeOH 502 nm 511 nm
Sapphire 396 nm 511 nm
BODIPY FL conjugate 503 nm 512 nm
MitoTracker Green 490 nm 512 nm
MitoTracker Green FM, MeOH 490 nm 512 nm
Fluorescein 0.1 M NaOH 493 nm 513 nm
Calcein pH 9.0 494 nm 514 nm
Fluorescein pH 9.0 490 nm 514 nm
Calcein 493 nm 514 nm
Fura-2, no Ca 367 nm 515 nm
Fluo-4 494 nm 516 nm
FDA 495 nm 517 nm
DTAF 495 nm 517 nm
Fluorescein 495 nm 517 nm
Fluorescein antibody conjugate pH 8.0 493 nm 517 nm
CFDA 495 nm 517 nm
FITC 495 nm 517 nm
Alexa Fluor 488 hydrazide-water 493 nm 518 nm
DyLight 488 493 nm 518 nm
5-FAM pH 9.0 492 nm 518 nm
FITC antibody conjugate pH 8.0 495 nm 519 nm
Alexa 488 493 nm 520 nm
Rhodamine 110 497 nm 520 nm
Rhodamine 110 pH 7.0 497 nm 520 nm
Acridine Orange 431 nm 520 nm
Alexa Fluor 488 antibody conjugate pH 8.0 499 nm 520 nm
BCECF pH 5.5 485 nm 521 nm
PicoGreendsDNA quantitation reagent 502 nm 522 nm
SYBR Green I 498 nm 522 nm
Rhodaminen Green pH 7.0 497 nm 523 nm
CyQUANT GR-DNA 502 nm 523 nm
NeuroTrace 500/525, green fluorescent Nissl stain-RNA 497 nm 524 nm
DansylCadaverine 335 nm 524 nm
Rhodol Green antibody conjugate pH 8.0 499 nm 524 nm
Fluoro-Emerald 495 nm 524 nm
Nissl 497 nm 524 nm
Fluorescein dextran pH 8.0 501 nm 524 nm
Rhodamine Green 497 nm 524 nm
5-(and-6)-Carboxy-2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein pH 9.0 504 nm 525 nm
DansylCadaverine, MeOH 335 nm 526 nm
eYFP (Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein) 514 nm 526 nm
Oregon Green 488 498 nm 526 nm
Oregon Green 488 antibody conjugate pH 8.0 498 nm 526 nm
Fluo-3 506 nm 527 nm
BCECF pH 9.0 501 nm 527 nm
SBFI-Na+ 336 nm 527 nm
Fluo-3 Ca2+ 506 nm 527 nm
Rhodamine 123, MeOH 507 nm 529 nm
FlAsH 509 nm 529 nm
Calcium Green-1 Ca2+ 506 nm 529 nm
Magnesium Green 507 nm 530 nm
DM-NERF pH 4.0 493 nm 530 nm
Calcium Green 506 nm 530 nm
Citrine 515 nm 530 nm
LysoSensor Yellow pH 9.0 335 nm 530 nm
TO-PRO-1-DNA 515 nm 531 nm
Magnesium Green Mg2+ 507 nm 531 nm
Sodium Green Na+ 507 nm 531 nm
TOTO-1-DNA 514 nm 531 nm
Oregon Green 514 512 nm 532 nm
Oregon Green 514 antibody conjugate pH 8.0 513 nm 533 nm
NBD-X 466 nm 534 nm
DM-NERF pH 7.0 509 nm 537 nm
NBD-X, MeOH 467 nm 538 nm
CI-NERF pH 6.0 513 nm 538 nm
Alexa 430 431 nm 540 nm
Alexa Fluor 430 antibody conjugate pH 7.2 431 nm 540 nm
CI-NERF pH 2.5 504 nm 541 nm
Lucifer Yellow, CH 428 nm 542 nm
LysoSensor Yellow pH 3.0 389 nm 542 nm
6-TET, SE pH 9.0 521 nm 542 nm
Eosin antibody conjugate pH 8.0 525 nm 546 nm
Eosin 524 nm 546 nm
6-Carboxyrhodamine 6G pH 7.0 526 nm 547 nm
6-Carboxyrhodamine 6G, hydrochloride 525 nm 547 nm
Bodipy R6G SE 528 nm 547 nm
BODIPY R6G, MeOH 528 nm 547 nm
6 JOE 520 nm 548 nm
Cascade Yellow antibody conjugate pH 8.0 399 nm 549 nm
Cascade Yellow 399 nm 549 nm
mBanana 540 nm 553 nm
Alexa Fluor 532 antibody conjugate pH 7.2 528 nm 553 nm
Alexa 532 528 nm 553 nm
Erythrosin-5-isothiocyanate pH 9.0 533 nm 554 nm
6-HEX, SE pH 9.0 534 nm 559 nm
mOrange 548 nm 562 nm
mHoneydew 478 nm 562 nm
Cy 3 549 nm 562 nm
Rhodamine B 543 nm 565 nm
DiI 551 nm 565 nm
5-TAMRA-MeOH 543 nm 567 nm
Alexa 555 553 nm 568 nm
Alexa Fluor 555 antibody conjugate pH 7.2 553 nm 568 nm
DyLight 549 555 nm 569 nm
BODIPY TMR-X, SE 544 nm 570 nm
BODIPY TMR-X, MeOH 544 nm 570 nm
PO-PRO-3-DNA 539 nm 571 nm
PO-PRO-3 539 nm 571 nm
Rhodamine 551 nm 573 nm
Bodipy TMR-X conjugate 544 nm 573 nm
POPO-3 533 nm 573 nm
Alexa 546 562 nm 573 nm
BODIPY TMR-X antibody conjugate pH 7.2 544 nm 573 nm
Calcium Orange Ca2+ 549 nm 573 nm
TRITC 550 nm 573 nm
Calcium Orange 549 nm 574 nm
Rhodaminephalloidin pH 7.0 558 nm 575 nm
MitoTracker Orange 551 nm 575 nm
MitoTracker Orange, MeOH 551 nm 575 nm
Phycoerythrin 565 nm 575 nm
Magnesium Orange 550 nm 575 nm
R-Phycoerythrin pH 7.5 565 nm 576 nm
5-TAMRA pH 7.0 553 nm 576 nm
5-TAMRA 549 nm 577 nm
Rhod-2 552 nm 577 nm
FM 1-43 472 nm 578 nm
Rhod-2 Ca2+ 553 nm 578 nm
Tetramethylrhodamine antibody conjugate pH 8.0 552 nm 578 nm
FM 1-43 lipid 473 nm 579 nm
LOLO-1-DNA 568 nm 580 nm
dTomato 554 nm 581 nm
DsRed 563 nm 581 nm
Dapoxyl (2-aminoethyl) sulfonamide 372 nm 582 nm
Tetramethylrhodamine dextran pH 7.0 555 nm 582 nm
Fluor-Ruby 554 nm 582 nm
Resorufin 571 nm 584 nm
Resorufin pH 9.0 571 nm 584 nm
mTangerine 568 nm 585 nm
LysoTracker Red 578 nm 589 nm
Lissaminerhodamine 572 nm 590 nm
Cy 3.5 578 nm 591 nm
Rhodamine Red-X antibody conjugate pH 8.0 573 nm 591 nm
Sulforhodamine 101, EtOH 578 nm 593 nm
JC-1 pH 8.2 593 nm 595 nm
JC-1 592 nm 595 nm
mStrawberry 575 nm 596 nm
MitoTracker Red 578 nm 599 nm
MitoTracker Red, MeOH 578 nm 599 nm
X-Rhod-1 Ca2+ 580 nm 602 nm
Alexa Fluor 568 antibody conjugate pH 7.2 579 nm 603 nm
Alexa 568 576 nm 603 nm
5-ROX pH 7.0 578 nm 604 nm
5-ROX (5-Carboxy-X-rhodamine, triethylammonium salt) 578 nm 604 nm
BO-PRO-3-DNA 574 nm 604 nm
BOPRO-3 574 nm 604 nm
BOBO-3-DNA 570 nm 605 nm
Ethidium Bromide 524 nm 605 nm
ReAsH 597 nm 608 nm
Calcium Crimson 589 nm 608 nm
Calcium Crimson Ca2+ 590 nm 608 nm
mRFP 585 nm 608 nm
mCherry 587 nm 610 nm
Texas Red-X antibody conjugate pH 7.2 596 nm 613 nm
HcRed 590 nm 614 nm
DyLight 594 592 nm 616 nm
Ethidium homodimer-1-DNA 528 nm 617 nm
Ethidiumhomodimer 528 nm 617 nm
Propidium Iodide 538 nm 617 nm
SYPRO Ruby 467 nm 618 nm
Propidium Iodide-DNA 538 nm 619 nm
Alexa 594 590 nm 619 nm
BODIPY TR-X, SE 588 nm 621 nm
BODIPY TR-X, MeOH 588 nm 621 nm
BODIPY TR-X phallacidin pH 7.0 590 nm 621 nm
Alexa Fluor 610 R-phycoerythrin streptavidin pH 7.2 567 nm 627 nm
YO-PRO-3-DNA 613 nm 629 nm
Di-8 ANEPPS 469 nm 630 nm
Di-8-ANEPPS-lipid 469 nm 631 nm
YOYO-3-DNA 612 nm 631 nm
Nile Red-lipid 553 nm 636 nm
Nile Red 559 nm 637 nm
DyLight 633 624 nm 646 nm
mPlum 587 nm 649 nm
TO-PRO-3-DNA 642 nm 657 nm
DDAO pH 9.0 648 nm 657 nm
Fura Red, high Ca 434 nm 659 nm
Allophycocyanin pH 7.5 651 nm 660 nm
APC (allophycocyanin) 650 nm 660 nm
Nile Blue, EtOH 631 nm 660 nm
TOTO-3-DNA 642 nm 661 nm
Cy 5 646 nm 664 nm
BODIPY 650/665-X, MeOH 646 nm 664 nm
Alexa Fluor 647 R-phycoerythrin streptavidin pH 7.2 569 nm 666 nm
DyLight 649 652 nm 668 nm
Alexa Fluor 647 antibody conjugate pH 7.2 653 nm 668 nm
Alexa 647 653 nm 669 nm
Fura Red Ca2+ 435 nm 670 nm
Atto 647 644 nm 670 nm
Fura Red, low Ca 472 nm 673 nm
Carboxynaphthofluorescein pH 10.0 600 nm 674 nm
Alexa 660 664 nm 691 nm
Alexa Fluor 660 antibody conjugate pH 7.2 663 nm 691 nm
Cy 5.5 673 nm 692 nm
Alexa Fluor 680 antibody conjugate pH 7.2 679 nm 702 nm
Alexa 680 679 nm 703 nm
DyLight 680 678 nm 706 nm
Alexa Fluor 700 antibody conjugate pH 7.2 696 nm 719 nm
Alexa 700 696 nm 720 nm
FM 4-64, 2% CHAPS 506 nm 751 nm
FM 4-64 508 nm 751 nm

Related Articles

Related Pages

Background image
Scroll to top