The Microscopy Knowledge Portal

True confocal microscope systems feature single-point illumination and single-point detection. The method is called "optical sectioning" since the…

In eukaryotic cells Ca2+ is one of the most widespread second messengers used in signal transduction pathways. Intracellular levels of Ca2+ are…

One of the uses of the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is in the study of surface morphology in biological applications which requires the…

One of the main features of a digital microscope is the speed and ease with which it enables surface models to be created of macroscopic and…

The traditional light source for fluorescence excitation is a fluorescence lamp housing with mercury burner. A prerequisite for achieving bright and…

When applying fluorescence microscopy in biological applications, a lamp housing with mercury burner is the most common light source. This video…

Many biological samples exhibit autofluorescence. Its often broad spectra can interfere with fluorescent labeling strategies. This application letter…

FLIM combines lifetime measurements with imaging: lifetimes obtained for each image pixel are color-coded to produce additional image contrast. Thus,…

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) measures fluctuations of fluorescence intensity in a sub-femtolitre volume to detect such parameters as…

Great advancements in biology have been possible by using fluorescence microscopy. So far, the resolution of the images was limited due to physical…

Clean microscope optics are essential for obtaining good microscope images. If they are dirty, the microscope should be cleaned to avoid a loss of…

Fluorescence microscopy is a modern and steadily evolving tool to bring light to current cell biological questions. With the help of fluorescent…

The perfect light source for confocal microscopes in biomedical applications has sufficient intensity, tunable color and is pulsed for use in lifetime…

The optical microscope has been a standard tool in life science as well as material science for more than one and a half centuries now. To use this…

The main feature of total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is the employment of an evanescent wave for the excitation of…

Seeing is believing – and measuring is knowing. Microscopes generate images that are not only used for illustration, but are also subject to…

There are a lot of light-emitting processes occurring in nature. Luminescence is an umbrella term for those kinds of events where light emission is…

The prospects of fluorescence microscopy changed dramatically with the discovery of fluorescent proteins in the 1950s. The starting point was the…